前言
一、功能模块子系统介绍 1.1 ADS核心计算模块(蓝色块部分) 2、服务模块(灰色块部分)
人机界面(HMI)- 作为车内乘客的主要接口,以向系统提供输入(例如踏板、方向盘、图形用户界面或其他),影响系统的行为,或向用户提供当前任务或面前任务的状态和/或约束的反馈。HMI也可以作为车辆与外界的接口,以确保行人或其他车辆知道车辆的意图、健康状态或操作状态。
互联服务 - 提供数据接口,确保自动驾驶系统接收最新的地图、交通或其他数据以支持面前的任务。通信具有双向性,例如提供自动驾驶系统信息、乘客健康状态或其他相关数据。
车辆对X(V2X)- 车辆对基础设施或车辆对车辆作为相关的系统输入,以支持车辆的安全和高效操作。这可以提供基础设施的信息(例如交通灯状态或位置),或自主车辆可能看不到的车辆的信息。
3、跨功能属性(黄色块部分) 二、自动驾驶系统核心功能及其交互
ADS的核心功能和相互作用
2.1 任务控制
在这个任务中,它使用了两个关键的抽象概念:
•自动驾驶车辆任务:代表使用目的和驾驶状态的结合。包括目标目的地、行程中断、迭代和等待模式,以及任务期间驾驶状态之间的转换。
•驾驶状态:代表自动驾驶车辆、司机和潜在监督车队操作者的注意力和操作权限状态。驾驶状态包括最小风险条件转换、手动驾驶以及各种辅助和自动化驾驶级别。
注:在辅助驾驶(SAE L0-L2 级别,包括 L2+ 扩展)的背景下,对通用功能块图提出以下解释:用户主动的操作,比如踩踏油门、转动方向盘以直接控制或略微引导车辆运行轨迹,从这个简化的架构的角度来看,是对任务目标和用户路线偏好的短期设置变更。这些变更通过HMI任务请求从人机界面接收。
任务控制输入:
•操作域监督任务请求:操作域监督系统的条件分析触发的改变自动驾驶车辆任务,可能启动驾驶状态短期变化,在任务控制责任下进行状态转换。任务改变也可能导致任务目标信号变化。
•连接服务任务请求:连接服务触发改变自动驾驶车辆任务,将导致任务目标信号变化,作为被修改的任务的二阶效应,驱动状态可能会发生变化。
•人机界面任务请求:任何类型用户交互触发改变自动驾驶车辆任务,可能立即改变驾驶状态,进而改变任务目标信号。
•用户路线偏好:通过提取自动驾驶车辆任务中数据生成,以在完成任务的同时最小化离开当前操作域的风险。
任务目标:从自动驾驶车辆任务生成,作为使用目的表达。
•任务反馈:综合自动驾驶车辆任务和四个请求信号,判断是否需要驾驶员警报、特定行动请求或提供进度报告。
2.2乘员监测
2.3感知
•检测、分类和跟踪动态实体,如车辆、行人和障碍物。
•检测环境条件,如可能存在的天气、火灾/烟雾、湿滑路面。
感知输入:
•环境传感器数据:以规范形式(根据传感器技术的不同而不同)接收来自环境传感器的数据,该数据经过处理和/或分析,以使下游功能模块更易于消费和处理数据,或从自主车辆的感知范围内提取有关环境和/或实体的可操作信息。
•姿态:可以用于预选感知视野的某些部分进行特征/对象检测(无论是否使用高清地图)。
•地图数据:可以通过将先验假设的基础设施与来自传感器的观测进行比较,使检测更加可靠。
•自车运动:可以用于调整传感器的读数,以补偿自主车辆的运动。
•感兴趣区域(ROI):可以用于配置传感器或算法,将注意力(分辨率/处理)集中在感知范围的特定区域。例如,这可以帮助分辨率不均匀的传感器进行配置,以便具有特定兴趣的道路/基础设施以更高分辨率“看到”。类似地,可以提取高分辨率图像的某些部分以全分辨率处理,以确定交通灯的状态。
感知输出:
•规范:可以以与原始输入数据相同的形式输出数据,同时进行了一些额外的处理或转换。传感器数据可能在不改变数据格式的基础上对原始数据进行了修改。规范的一个示例是图像,它可以被修改但仍然是图像(与将像素图像转换为物体列表形成对比)。
•特征:根据实现的不同而不同。它们可以表示为3D世界坐标,也可以不表示;可以跟踪,也可以不跟踪。
•对象:用于填充环境/世界模型。它们描述了自主车辆感知范围内检测到的、对后续处理阶段具有相关性的静态和动态实体。
•感知能力:提供有关感知功能动态能力的信息。这可以简单地用感知范围以及在此范围内检测的估计延迟来表达。该能力本身可以从各种照明/天气/环境条件下的个别传感器的能力推导出来。
2.4定位
定位输入:
•GNSS数据:用于直接识别地图上的可能位置。它还可以用于选择地图内的兴趣区域,以进行进一步的位置优化操作。
•自车运动:可用于改进自身位置和姿态的估计。
•规范|特征|对象:将传感器识别的特征与地图数据中包含的特征进行比较,以改进自身位置和姿态的估计。
•V2X数据:与地图信息进行比较以改进自身位置和姿态的估计。
定位输出:
•姿态:提供自主车辆在地图上的最可能位置和方向。
2.5场景理解
场景理解输入:
•地图数据:提供当前驾驶场景中基础设施的布局。对预测其他道路使用者/实体的意图/行为有用。
•静态对象:识别驾驶场景中对自主车辆和其他道路实体可能占用的可行驶空间有影响的不可移动对象。静态对象可能具有动态变化的状态,如交通灯变红或收费站变为关闭。
•动态对象:用于预测当前驾驶场景可能如何演变,主要关注动态对象的轨迹和状态变化。动态对象的一个预测示例是车辆刚打开左转灯然后左转。
•V2X数据:可能提供可以利用的信息来预见当前驾驶场景的演变,如即将改变的交通灯。
•自车运动:为预测引擎提供自主车辆自车运动信息。
•姿态:允许预测引擎在地图上放置自主车辆。
•场景数据:提供可以利用的集体驾驶条件视图,以确保自主车辆在其设计参数内运行。
2.6自车运动
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自车运动输入:
•规范|特征|对象:使用连续的感知数据序列来估计自车运动。估计可以基于具有不同计算复杂度的各种算法。例子是光流和基于CNN的估计器,利用像素级数据或已经检测到的特征。也可以利用已分类的对象与已知速度(例如护栏)。
•底盘传感器数据:包含控制/执行器反馈,改进自车运动估计。
•IMU数据:包含加速度计和陀螺仪传感器数据,提供自车运动估计。
•罗盘数据:提供绝对旋转测量,改进自车运动估计。
自车运动输出:
•自车运动:提供自车运动估计使自动驾驶系统中的多个其他组件(例如感知或定位)能够完成其任务。
2.7路径规划
路径规划输入:
•V2X数据:用于接收交通信息或道路警报。
•地图数据:计算路线。
•姿态:提供路线的起点。
•任务目标:指定目标目的地。
•交通状况:提供自主车辆附近或路线计划上的交通状况的动态源信息。
•用户路线偏好:提供约束路线选择的偏好或规则。可能包括乘车服务或自主车辆本身保持在操作设计域内或避免收费道路的约束。
•基于场景的路线约束:提供动态确定的路线约束,如封闭道路标志、高速公路上封闭的车道或用路障封闭的高速公路入口。
路径规划输出:
•路径计划:提供自主车辆将要走的路线描述,包括适用的车道,以达到目标目的地。
2.8行为规划(驾驶策略)
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机动列表包含要由车辆执行的高级语义决策及物理参数,机动的示例可以是(不详尽):
•巡航:在当前车道内,以设定速度。
•跟随:保持在当前车道,以提供的速度限制行驶,以最小距离跟随前车,以提供的速度和ID。
•转向:从当前车道转到目标车道,左转或右转,以提供的转向速度 。
行为规划输入:
•静态对象预测:用于评估机动的安全性和舒适性。
•动态对象预测:用于评估机动的安全性和舒适性。
•路线目标:提供基本指导原则,例如车道或行驶走廊,用于机动决策。
•基于场景的机动约束:用于排除被当前驾驶场景条件禁止的机动。
•基于操作域监控的机动约束:确保自主车辆的结果机动不违反当前操作设计域边界条件。
行为规划输出:
•感兴趣区域(ROI):提供一个或多个应优先处理的感知区域的描述。
•机动:提供要由自主车辆执行的高级语义决策及物理参数。
•行为规划任务请求:由行为规划器请求修改任务。如果行为规划器确定无法按计划进行任务,则可能需要这样做。请求的性质可以是请求人类司机接管,例如。
•自主车辆机动假设:准备一个或多个假设的机动,系统可以为此预测一个或多个结果。
2.9 轨迹规划(路径规划)
轨迹规划输入:
•静态对象预测:用于评估轨迹计算中的安全性和舒适性风险
•动态对象预测:用于评估轨迹计算中的安全性和舒适性风险
•机动:提供要进一步处理为轨迹的机动目标
•自车运动:用于轨迹计算
•基于场景的运动约束:提供驾驶场景条件的车辆运动限制,例如湿滑/劣化的路面,以在轨迹计算中考虑。
2.10 运动控制(激活)
运动控制(激活)功能模块负责请求与自主车辆运动相关的推进变化,包括但不限于加速请求、制动请求和转向请求。
责任包括:
运动控制输入:
•目标轨迹:来自轨迹规划的请求,是运动控制(激活)输出的主要考虑因素。
•自车运动:接收自主车辆姿态信息,与目标轨迹一起考虑以生成执行器请求。
运动控制输出:
•执行器请求:向多个外部执行模块提供主要请求输出。
•车辆运动约束:提供外部执行模块的限制反馈,汇总后呈现给其他自动驾驶系统模块,如轨迹规划(路径规划)。
2.11 操作域监督(ODS)
操作域监督模块监控与动态驾驶任务相关的能力、状态和情况,目的是确保自动驾驶车辆在操作设计域及其他适用的动态和静态约束下运行。它使用两个操作域表示实现运行时监控:
•授权操作域表示设计意图操作设计域和当前适用状态的并集,根据立法、验证和/或解决漏洞的行动,该域可能在系统生命周期中发展。
•当前操作域表示上述基线域的有条件约束子集,由下述条件集修改。
操作域监督主要影响任务控制功能,但也指导路径规划和行为规划。
一组主要条件指导操作域监测:
•机动能力:通过对场景数据、自车运动和V2X输入信号的解释,定义自动驾驶车辆的机动包线。
•交通情况:提供当前和未来位置的其他道路使用者信息。
•道路系统状态:包括道路表面、道路语义以及地理围栏的动态和静态方面。
•驾驶员能力:评估驾驶员接管控制、自动紧急行动或其他任务改变的参与度。
•乘员状态:指示自动驾驶车辆乘客状态,以终止或更改任务。
•感知能力:表示传感器状态、算法置信度和与感知相关的环境条件。
操作域监督信号输入:
•V2X数据:用于确定机动能力、道路系统状态和交通情况。
•自车运动:用于确定机动能力。
•地图数据:用于确定道路系统状态,并生成基于操作域监督的路线约束。
•姿态:用于确定道路系统状态。
•场景数据:用于确定机动能力、道路系统状态和交通情况。
•乘客状态:用于确定驾驶员能力和乘客状况。
•感知能力:直接用作操作域监控的一个主要条件。
操作域监督信号输出:
•基于操作域监督的路径约束:通过组合主要条件集与地图数据生成路线约束,以确保当前驾驶状态的边界得到维持。
•基于操作域监督的机动约束:通过组合主要条件集生成机动约束,以确保在当前和后续状态及位置保证机动性。这可以使车辆保持在当前自动驾驶任务内,而不会超出操作设计域边界条件。
•操作域监督的任务请求:如果项目立即或未来将离开操作域,则生成该请求以通过改变自动驾驶任务来解决此问题,作为中期或短期策略来避免离开操作域。该请求可能导致驾驶员状态转变,例如从自动驾驶转为手动驾驶。
2.11 SAE级别的可扩展性
已完成
数据加载中